What causes allergic rhinitis?
There are several theories explaining the cause of allergic rhinitis, primarily due to the body's reaction to foreign substances (allergens), such as dust, pollen, dog and cat hair, and fungal spores (mold). These agents often act as incomplete antigens, reacting with corresponding antibodies (present in the body). This allergic reaction occurs in the mucous membrane lining of the upper respiratory tract, such as the nose, throat, and sinuses, causing inflammation and irritation of the mucous membrane. Allergic rhinitis is related to allergic predispositions. It is more common in people with predispositions to allergies, such as atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, or dyshidrosis. Therefore, the same irritant can cause allergic rhinitis in some people but not in others. Irritants can enter the body through the respiratory tract, but also through the skin or ingestion.
What are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
Most people with allergic rhinitis have similar symptoms such as itchy nose, runny nose, and especially frequent sneezing. If it becomes chronic, there may be almost constant nasal congestion, tinnitus, and headaches (easily mistaken for sinusitis). In some cases of chronic rhinitis, there may be olfactory dysfunction (loss of smell) or snoring due to nasal congestion.
Allergic rhinitis is classified into two main types: seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is caused by the weather changes in each season, with allergens such as pollen and mold appearing in the wind. Perennial allergic rhinitis, on the other hand, can occur in any season due to its association with various allergens such as insects (mites, fleas, ticks, etc.), indoor dust, and pet dander, especially from cats and dogs. While not life-threatening, allergic rhinitis causes significant discomfort and negatively impacts health. If left untreated, it can lead to allergic sinusitis, nasal polyps, and sinus polyps.
Preventing Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis has diverse causes, and individuals with an allergic predisposition should be highly vigilant. To help reduce the risk of allergic rhinitis, avoid keeping dogs and cats indoors. Minimize contact with them as much as possible. Regularly clean bedding, pillows, mattresses, and upholstery. Homes should be well-ventilated, cool, and clean, avoiding dampness to prevent mold growth. Daily oral hygiene is essential, especially brushing after meals and before and after waking up. Smoking cigarettes and pipe tobacco should be minimized. Avoid or limit exposure to dust. Wear a mask when cleaning the house and when going outside. During seasonal changes, especially when the weather shifts from hot to cold, keep your body warm (dress warmly), particularly your neck and nose. If you have allergic rhinitis, consult an ear, nose, and throat specialist. Do not self-diagnose or self-medicate.
